Deborah Ellis Essay Example for Free

Deborah Ellis EssayDeborah Ellis started indite at age 11-12 inspired at a young age she grasped her talent. As a kid she was constantly moving from come forward to place due to her fathers work, and used writing as a coping method. When she grew up, her work and writing was mainly done by traveling and talking to others that have problems and taking note of ein truththing. She started to write the book I am currently the Breadwinner her first book.The Breadwinner takes place in Afghanistan and the main character at only 12 years old is faced with the discrimination against women when her father is arrested by the Taliban and with no other direction of providing for her family she dresses up as a boy and tries to find work. Coincidentally Ellis traveled to Afghanistan in 1997 to interview women located in refugee camps. These interviews helped her write her four part series of The Breadwinner. Her writing of this book was inspired by an interview with a mother living in one of the refugee camps. Ellis has become considered of the most beloved young with child(p) writers today as well as being a philanthropist who donates almost all of her profits from her books to organizations like UNICEF and Women for Women in Afghanistan.Deborah Ellis is a very motivated person who feels strongly for the rights of women and takes that inspiration and uses it to write compelling stories. Of all the books she has wrote which has come to 18 in total, all of them have been moving stories of injustices. Deborah Ellis has achieved international learning with her incredibly dramatic books that give readers a glimpse into the life of children in far out developing countries. Ellis has won the Governor Generals Award, Swedens Peter Pan Prize, the commiseration Schwartz Award, the University of Californias Middle East Book Award, the Jane Addams Childrens Book Award and the Vicky Metcalf Award. Deborah Ellis constantly finds new ways to express her feelings around the wron gs in the world and inspires us all when she writes about it.

Effect of Temperature on Vitamin C in Orange Juice

Effect of Temperature on Vitamin C in orangeness JuiceAbstractThis experiment was planned to study how contrastive temperatures elicit affect the loss of vitamin C in orange juice stored for a fixed period of time. Equal ledger of freshly squeezed orange juices with known (initial) vitamin C submerging were stored at different temperatures i.e. 10C, 20C, 30C, 40C, 50C and 60C for a constant duration of 5 days. After the storage period, the vitamin C compactness for each temperature was measured by DCPIP titration and the difference relative to the initial concentration was estimated to calculate the amount of vitamin C reduced. The head of this experiment showed that the amount of vitamin C lost increases with the increase in temperature and 10oC was the vanquish temperature that gave the least reduction in vitamin C concentration. An analysis development Pearson product-moment correlativity coefficient has revealed a loaded positive linear consanguinity between the de vil varyings with the calculated r value exceeds the critical value at 5 % evidential level thus, supporting the experimental hypothesis.Vitamin C is a remarkable compound derived from one of the ascorbic enantiomers, L-ascorbate. It is a water soluble vitamin that stop non be naturally synthesized in benignant body.1 Therefore, it is vital to have our diet balanced with adequate amount of it every day. There are two important roles played by vitamin C antioxidant and collagen formation.2 These two features have set(p) vitamin C in a class of its own as a future potential in fostering better health.A previous research regarding relationship between vitamin C and human brain has shown that vitamin C could help drugs to pass the blood brain barrier.6 This would enable brain diseases much(prenominal) as Parkinson to be effectively treated as artificial dopamine thunder mug be delivered directly to the brain. At the same time, the biggest challenge in tog up marrow treatment i.e. getting enough cells, could possibly be solved as a recent study by Dunagqing Pei13 on vitamin C, has found that it shadower boost the production and pluripotency of stem cells in human body.However, Vitamin C is as well as known to be very vulnerable towards heat. The precursor of vitamin C, ascorbic acid, has molecular of C6H8O6. The proximity of highly electronegative oxygen atoms on the hydroxyl (OH) groups makes the hydrogen atoms to snuff it easily detached from the structure. Meanwhile, the presence of heat causes the hydroxyl bond to break the ascorbic acid is utter to undergo destruction or oxidisation by losing hydrogen atoms, forming dehydroascorbic acid. Therefore, it is suggested that the rate of ascorbic acid destruction is significantly greater at higher temperature.*Most of the studies on vitamin C humiliation are principally based on the effect of storage condition and period, and very few were done on identifying the degradation campaign within a specific r ange of temperature.Previous research, on the effect of storage methods and conditions on vitamin C store in human milk revealed that freeze reduces the least amount of vitamin C as compared to other storage methods, followed by refrigeration which is better than cold water. Another study at Ankara University, has shown an opposition relationship between temperature and retention rate of vitamin C in citrus fruit concentrates, while orange fruit was found to have higher retention ability than the others.Therefore, this experiment was aimed to find a specific trend regarding the effect of temperature on the loss of vitamin C. Citrus fruits (orange) were used in this experiment due to considerable amount of vitamin C that they have, thus, increasing the reliability of the results. The results from this study can be used to illustrate how certain temperatures can cause drastic change in vitamin C hence, increasing the awareness on appreciating the effort of preserving vitamin C co ntent in food for optimum health benefit. For instance, in agricultural tropical regions that rebel citrus fruits, it becomes very vital to preserve the fruits at low temperature if possible due to higher chance of vitamin C destruction than other regions.Experimental surmisalThe higher the temperature, the higher the degradation of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice.Null HypothesisThere is no significant relationship between the different temperature and the degradation of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice.PLANNINGFive types of citrus fruits were randomly chosen, namel lemon, lime, grapefruit, Clementine and orange. The fresh juice of each fruit was obtained by cutting and mash. The vitamin C content for each juice was determined by titration against 1 ml of 1 % DCPIP. The titration was repeat two times to get an fair(a) volume of the juice mandatory to decolour DCPIP. The resultThe least volume of orange was needed to decolourise DCPIP, indicating that it h as the highest vitamin C content. Therefore, orange fruit was chosen as it would give significant response towards different temperatures.Determining the best storage periodSeveral orange fruits were squeezed to obtain fresh orange juice that would be enough for its vitamin C content to be measured on daily basis. Firstly, the initial vitamin C content of the juice was measured and 4.8 ml was needed to decolourise 1 ml of DCPIP solution. Equal volume of the remaining juice was divided into two beakers and each was stored in an incubator of different temperatures (10C and 60C). cardinal distinctive temperatures were chosen to allow easy comparison of the trend in each temperature. The resultThe result shows no more change in volume of juice required after 5 days for 60C. Therefore, storage period of five days were chosen for the main experiment.MAIN EXPERIMENTVariablesManipulated variable Different temperatures (oC)(6 incubators were set at different temperatures of10C, 20C 0, 30C, 40C, 50C and 60C)Responding variable Amount of vitamin C lost(By DCPIP titration, the difference between initial and closing vitamin C concentration in each juice wascalculated to determine the concentration of vitamin C reduced) unflinching variables Storage period, volume and concentration of DCPIP, type of fruits(The storage period was five days. 1ml of 0.1% DCPIPUsed for each titration)ApparatusBeakers, knife, test tubes, syringes, Parafilm, aluminium paper, incubators, mortar and pestle, measuring cylinder.MaterialsOrange fruits, 1% dichlorophenolinophenol (DCPIP) solution, distilled water, 500 mg vitamin C tablet.Real Experimental ProceduresStandardizing Vitamin C Concentration1) A tablet of 500 mg vitamin C tablet was lowly into fine powders using a mortar and a pestle.2) The powdery form of vitamin C was accordingly dissolved into 100 ml of distilled water in a beaker to form 5 mg/ml of ascorbic solution.3) 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution was measured and placed into a test tu be by using a syringe.4) 1 ml of 5 mg/ml of ascorbic acid solution was then taken using a syringe and added angle of dip by drop into the measured DCPIP solution until decolourised.5) The volume of ascorbic acid solution needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution was recorded.6) The titration physical process was repeater three times to get an intermediate volume.The result of titration is as followsVolume of Juice Titrated / mlHence, 2.5 ml of 5 mg/ml of ascorbic acid solution was needed to decolourise 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solutionTo find a formula to calculate vitamin C concentration in orange juice,Conc. of orange juice (mg/ml) Vol. of orange juice (mg/ml)=5 mg/ml 2.5 mlSince the volume needed to decolourise is proportional to vitamin C concentration. So.Conc. of orange juice (ml) 2.5 ml=5 mg/ml Vol. of orange juice (mg/ml)2.5 mlConcentration of orange juice (mg/ml) = X 5 mg/mlVol. of orange juice (ml)Therefore, this calculation would be used to calculate the vitamin C concentration .Determining vitamin C loss10 orange fruits were cut and squeezed to obtain fresh juice.1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution was measured and placed into a test tube by using a syringe.1 ml syringe was filled with the orange juice and added drop by drop into the DCPIP solution until it decolourised. The volume of juice added was recorded.The titration was repeated five times to get an fair(a) volume and its vitamin C concentration was calculated using the derived formula.The juice was then divided into 6 equal volumes and each placed into 100 ml beaker.The top of each beaker was sealed with Parafilm and its surface was wrapped with aluminium paper and labelled with different temperatures.The beakers were placed in six incubators of different temperatures according to the label and left for five days.After five days, the beakers were sealed off.1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution was measured and transferred into a test tube by using a syringe.The orange juice stored in 10C was taken by a syringe and a dded drop by drop into the DCPIP until it decolourised. The volume of juice added was recordedThe titration was titrated three times to get an average volume and its vitamin C concentration was calculated using the formula2.5 mlConcentration of orange juice (mg/ml) = X 5 mg/mlVol. of orange juice (ml)Steps 8-10 were repeated but this time using the orange juices stored in C, 30C, 40C, 50C and 60C.The difference between the initial concentration and the final concentration of each juice was calculated to determine the amount of vitamin C lost.Risk AssessmentThe process of cutting the orange fruits required the use of knife, so it was done carefully to avoid any injury. The fruits were then squeezed very gently to minimise heat production. The juice was only prepared right before the experiment was about to be carried out. DCPIP is a strong dye which is hard to be removed so lab coat was worn. During the titration of juice against DCPIP, the test tube was not shaken vigorously to avoi d oxygen from dissolving. The juice was discarded immediately after the experiment.ResultsStatistical AnalysisBased on the result from the table, it is known that in that location is an obvious trend and correlation between the temperature and vitamin C loss. Therefore, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PMCC) was chosen to measure the strength of this relationship.In this method, the value of correlation coefficient, r needs to be calculated which ranges from -1 to 1. The details of its values are as followTherefore, the value of correlation coefficient, r, using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient has shown a strong positive linear relationship between temperatures and loss of vitamin C. Hence, null hypothesis is rejected.Data AnalysisTable 4 shows the volume of the freshly-squeezed orange juice needed to decolourise 1ml of 1% DCPIP solution. The average volume was used to calculate the concentration of vitamin C present initially. Meanwhile, Table 5 shows the amount of vitamin C concentration reduced after being stored at different temperatures for five days. From the table, there is an inverse relationship between the vitamin C concentration left and the amount of vitamin C lost. There is also a considerable difference in the amount of vitamin C left between the juice stored in 10 oC andt the one stored at 60 oC, which is 2.11 mg/ml. This represents 77.6% of the original concentration of vitamin C. The calculated statistical correlation coefficient, r of 0.9584 is absolutely a strong indicator to support this relationship.Graph 1 illustrates the trends and correlation between the two variables. From the graph, it can be concluded that generally, the higher the temperature, the higher the amount of vitamin C lost. 10 oC is the best temperature that gave the least reduction in vitamin C level with only 0.12 mg/ml (4.4%) decrease after five days. Meanwhile, 60 oC caused maximum drop in concentration after five days with 2.23 mg/ml (8 2%) of vitamin C had lost. The largest gap in vitamin C loss occurred between 40 oC and 50 oC with 1 mg/ml (37%) of increase recorded.Based on the graph, the amount of degradation at 20C and 30C opposed the general trends when 0.6 mg/ml vitamin C had lost at 10C which is greater than 0.56 mg/ml at 30C. However, the difference is so small which suggests that this anomaly might be due to several reasonsHigher rate of oxidation of ascorbic acid by oxygen in the atmosphere.False end-point titrationApart from that, the results obtained have also shown that there is only a little change in vitamin C concentration from 10C to 30C. However, drastic change in concentration takeed to occur after 40C. This suggests that orange fruits should be kept down the stairs 30C with better vitamin C retention at lower temperature.EvaluationFrom the results of the experiment, the huge difference in vitamin C lost between 40C and 50C could be explained by the presence of enzyme ascorbate oxidase in citr us fruits. The function of this enzyme is still not fully understood, but one best suggestion is that it might involve in controlling the oxidation process of ascorbic acid.12 Just like any other enzymes, when the optimum temperature is exceeded, the bonds holding the ascorbate oxidase together start to break and it is said to be denatured. Therefore, the destruction of ascorbic acid takes place without any control.Measurement of vitamin C in this experiment was done by titrating the juice against dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP). It is a strong oxidizing agent with distinctive blue colour and decolourised when being reduced by vitamin C.15 Therefore, the destruction of vitamin C by heat means that more is needed to decolourise DCPIP solution.Oxidation of DCPIP by oxygen in the atmosphere is one of the point of accumulations of this experiment. Hence, the test tubes were not shaken vigorously during titration in order to minimise this limitation as vigorous moves can increase the r ate of oxygen dissolving in a solution.The other limitation could be the side decomposition of vitamin C due to the presence of light and air. Just like temperature, ultraviolet ray from incidence light causes the hydroxyl bond in ascorbic acid to break, thus become oxidised. To reduce this limitation, the beakers containing orange juice to be stored at different temperatures were neatly wrapped with aluminium paper which is a good reflector of light and heat. The surfaced of the beakers were also sealed with Parafilm. This would prevent the entry of air and significantly reduce unnecessary oxidation of vitamin C in the juice.Several modifications can be made in the future to improve the accuracy and reliability of the results of this experiment. Iodine titration could be used as an alternative for DCPIP titration. Although this technique may require the use of more reagents, the result from the trial experiment has shown that the end point of titration is much easier to be identifi ed. Besides, orange juice could be obtained by blending the peeled orange fruits instead of squeezing them. This ensures maximum amount of juice obtained from each fruit as well as preventing destruction of vitamin C by heat. Finally, percentage of vitamin C degraded can be used as the response variable instead of concentration. This would allow clearer illustration of the amount of vitamin C reduced for the readers and also make the comparison process easier.ConclusionBased on the result of this experiment, it can be concluded that the higher the temperature, the greater the degradation of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice. The statistically calculated r value using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, 0.9584, is significantly higher than the critical value at 5% significance level thus, providing a strong evidence to support the hypothesis.Sources EvaluationSeveral recourses were used in providing me important information in completing this assignment. Sources 1 and 2 are books that are curiously made about fruit management and also detailed information about vitamin C as well as compelling research on it. Both books were published after year 2005, so the information available is mostly up to date.Besides, I have also accessed journals available online. Sources 3 and 4 come from two well known websites for food and nutrition based journals. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition is a trustable website with over 3100 members, publishing up to dates research related to nutrition and human.Sources 7, 8 and 9 are chemistry based websites, serving enormous information on the structures and reaction of biological compounds. Chemwiki is a virtual online based chemistry textbook, accessed by millions of people searching for chemistry knowledge. Sources 10 and 11 are websites exclusively made for vitamin C. The Vitamin C Foundation, for instance, is recognised by Internal Revenue Service, IRS in protecting vast information about vitamin C for public reference.Source 12, Scientific American magazine is a hot scientific magazine established for nearly two centuries since 1845 with more than 3.5 million readers all over the world. Therefore, there would be no doubt in reliability of the content in this magazine.

Impact Of Product Bundling In Indian Retail Banking Marketing Essay

Impact Of Product Bundling In Indian Retail Banking Marketing EssayThe retail banking is the growth trigger of the banks. Even though there is a phenomenal opportunities for growth in retail banking, the challenges are in any case daunting. Banks are struggling to retain its customers through retail banking. According to Reichheld research, a 5 per cent adjoin in customer memory board can increase profit force by 35 per cent in banking business. The pervasive entrust of roll up the harvest-homes by banks, have built up so much momentum over the past a few(prenominal) years in Europe, Asia and Pacific countries. The pattern of crossing bundle up is non widely apply by Indian banks, since it is not legally accepted by rbi guidelines. Private firmament banks are having this type of retailing products in non-core areas of banking. For example, ICICI bank is providing home loan insurance cover exclusively to its home loan customers with tie-up with ICICI Lombard insurance. Previous researches proved that bundle up strategies not only retain the customers hardly also reduces the variable cost of the products.The primary purpose of the research is to find aside the cause and effect of product bundling in fiscal part governance of banking. The retail marketing factors are monetary standardd with profit marketing factors ie, product, de vergeine, promotion, place, process, physical secern and person. The financial quality system is identified based on the CAMELS system ie., Capital, asset quality, Management quality , Earning quality , Liquidity and Sensitivity to market risk. Primary data were self-collected from the 200 customers of ICICI Bank home loan borrowers. Cluster analysis is used to group them. The effect on financial quality is measured based on interview conducted among the 25 regional managers of the same bank.The chairs show that the retail marketing factors are having high impact on financial quality system. Hence product bun dling concept balances the operational and financial risk to have financial sustainability in retail banking.Key words Product bundling, CAMELS, Core banking.IntroductionThe banking sector has witnessed wide ranging changes under the influence of the financial Sector reforms initiated during 2009. The approach to such reforms in India has been one of gradual and non-disruptive progress through a consultative process. The accent has been on deregulation and opening up the banking sector to market forces. The Reserve Bank has been consistently working towards the plungement of an enabling regulatory framework with restless and effective supervision as well as the development of proficient and institutional infrastructure. Persistent efforts have been made towards adoption of international benchmarks as separate to Indian conditions. While certain changes in the legal infrastructure are yet to be effected, the developments so far have brought the Indian financial system closer to global standards. Banks are now moving towards Universal Banking, which is a combination of commercial banking, investing banking and various other activities including insurance.Banks will need to stimulate value in bare-assed ways, notably through variediation on offers and services. Banks have to strengthen the added value they bring to clients by personalizing their customer approach and evolution their advisory capacities.By international standards, however, there is still much scope for retail banking in India. After all, retail loans constitute less than seven per cent of gross domestic product in India vis--vis about 35 per cent for other Asian economies South Korea (55 per cent), Taiwan (52 per cent), Malaysia (33 per cent) and Thailand (18 per cent). is a likelihood that the growth numbers seem to get slimly exaggerated. Hence there is a need of constant innovation in retail banking. This requires product development and unlikeiation, innovation and business process reengineering, micro-planning, marketing, prudent pricing, customisation, technological upgradation, home / electronic / mobile banking, cost reduction and cross-selling. Service bundling offers one method of cross-selling that places less of the burden on the bank employee who, despite training, a good deal simply lacks the skills and/or motivation to be an effective salesperson, and to a greater extent on the design and promotion of the product. Due to bundling of services and delivery channels, the areas of potential conflicts of beguile tend to increase in universal banks and financial conglomerates.A product bundle as a bilateral contract must guarantee a possibility to obtain extra profit /or saving/ for severally partner /bank versus customer/ at agreed price aim /or discount/, but as well as both of them must accept some uncertainty or risk of lost. Bundling means fling two or more products together as a package..Bundled accounts have built up so much momentum over the past few years that they have become a dominant focus of the retail operations at many banks. The practice is pervasive in the banking industry. Application of bundling strategies in retail banking reduces a banks variable cost for selling, secures both stable and higher income by periodical fees for covering high fix running be as well. The biggest luck for current retail banking is building a strong relationship with customer by cross- selling extra bundled products, which leads to a higher property and loyalty of customers. Empirical findings prove the paradox, that product bundles with discounted price for customer generate extra profit for bank, hand in hand with a still change magnitude customer joy. Clever construction of bundles and bounded rationality decision making of customer offers a solution of profitable discounts not only for a banking sector, but at least for sector of services.According to a research by Reichheld and Sasser in the Harvard Business Review, 5 per cent increase in customer retention can increase profitability by 35 per cent in banking business, 50 per cent in insurance and brokerage, and 125 per cent in the consumer deferred payment card market. Thus, banks need to emphasise retaining customers and increasing market share.ReviewThe Dynamic Pricing and Product Bundling application standardizes a banks pricing and product bundling processes and allows the bank to reduce maintenance costs and increase its cross-sell opportunities(Morphy, 2006). The easiest way to retain the bank customers is to test the market by shuffling the existing product mess up and creating wise bundled offerings to optimize deposit growth (Barham, 2007). Clever construction of bundles and bounded rationality decision making of customer offers a solution of profitable discounts not only for a banking sector, but at least for sector of services.(Peter).The result is that customers generally get a superior annual percentage yield (APY), trance the bank gets higher profit and volume. The secret by-product of bundling is the superior APY it is what customers seek, it has the potential to drive balance with profitability, and it is a strategy largely overlooked by community banks.Concept of Product BundlingProduct bundling is an intelligent strategy that is becoming increasingly popular in the banking sector. Banks offer multiple financial products and services to customers as a package. Bundling is generally recognized as a potentially appropriate means to tackle competition, to acquire new customers, to cross-sell new services to the existing customers and to retain the existing customers, who are getting increasingly savvy and sophisticated. Bundling helps to boost profits substantially by increasing the opportunity to cross-sell. It is also a great method for increasing the sales volume of products that are not in high demand. Bundling is not a new concept in retail banking. It has been existing for more than a decade-and-a-half , but there is a shift in focus now, as a result of which, it has gained popularity. Earlier, banks were mostly concerned with increasing the effectiveness of the use of its core banking products like current accounts and daily transaction-based activities. In the last few years, the priority has shifted to actively improving product penetration into the existing customer base, increasing sales by attracting new customers, innovating the product offerings, and lastly but most importantly, retaining and enhancing customer relationships and basing price reductions on the total volume and/or desired use of services.STANDARD CHARTERED Bank (SCB) is giving its Priority Banking customers up 12 per cent elicit boodle through its latest wealth management offerings.In its new exclusive promotion, SCB Priority Banking customers will enjoy attractive interest rates on a Brunei vaulting horse fixed deposit when they invest in a unit trust at the same time. An intelligent pricing strategy th at is becoming more and more popular in banking is bundling. One example is the NatWest package Advantage Gold. This bundle costs 6 per month and combines a current account with lower interest rates for loans, rebates in certain insurance policies as well as various additional services such as lowest price guarantees for different articles, discounts for videos and DVDs, a customer magazine, commission-free traveller cheques, rebates for hotel stays, etc. In the Dutch market most cross selling in the consumer market is of a soft variety, that is, price inducements are offered to accept a bundle of services rather that exclusive tying arrangements.More often, bundle design decisions are based upon short term objectives such as attracting new customers, increasing fee income, or merely matching competitive offerings.There are two basic forms of bundling, pure and mixed. In pure bundling, the products or services cannot be purchased separately. They are available only in bundled form. In contrast, mixed bundling allows the consumer to purchase one or more of the services individually or to purchase the bundleSome examples of retail product bundles being offered by banksIf a customer maintains a defined standard of savings and has taken a defined amount of loan, then discounts are offered on interest rates, auto loans, free phone banking, counseling once-a-year, etc. here again, there can be a tiered approach i.e. when balances/loan amounts increase, more discounts and additional free services are provided.Cluster analysis is used for classifying the consumer satisfaction variables into relatively homogeneous groups. The respondents were clustered on the basis of satisfaction level sought from the different attitudes under seven service marketing mix. The variables satisfaction levels are measured through five pointss summated judge scale i.e., strongly dissatisfied, dissatisfied, neutral, satisfied and strongly dissatisfied. The ratings are made as 1,2,3,4 and 5 respectively for each point. Product level satisfaction level is measured with the variables quality, scalability, multiplicity, reliability and security. Price level satisfaction is measured with the variables fair pricing, interest and transaction charges. Promotion level satisfaction is measured with the variables informative, awareness, receptive and attentive. Place level satisfaction is measured with the variables accessibility, convenience and diversified place. Process level satisfaction is measured with the variables bundling, integration, processing time, and error-free process. material evidence (Documentation) level satisfaction is measured with the variables easy to go through, less documentation, unambiguous and legality. Person level satisfaction is measured with the variables involvement, technical support, friendliness and trust. The measure of similarity is measured by euclidean distance model. The reliability and validity of cluster analysis was done by makin g multiple runs using different order of cases. The clustering criterion was the Akaikes Information Criterion. The number of clusters was determined based on the minimum six-cluster solution. Based on the cluster group centroids of each service marketing mix, the level of satisfaction are labeled as impressive (4), stirring (3.5 to 4.0), striking (3.0 to 3.5), modest (2.5 to 3.0,) un-impressive (2.0 to 2.5) and mediocre (Two-group discriminant analysis is used to find out the disriminant factor among the existing customer and new customers using the product bundling . The independent variables are customer service level satisfaction variables i.e, product, price, promotion, place, process, physical evidence and person. The responses are rated based on the cluster centroid of each customer service level variables. The ratings for impressive, stirring, striking, modest, un-impressive and mediocre clusters are 6,5,4,3,2 and 1 respectively. The grouping variables are existing customer and new customers.Because there are two groups, only one discriminant function is estimated. The eigen value associated with this function is 1.64 and it accounts for 100 percent of the explained variance. The Wilks associated with this function is 0.312, which transforms to a chi-square of 32.45 with 7 degrees of freedom. This is operative beyond the o.o5 level. Hence null hypothesis is rejected. The structure matrix is displayed in Table-2.It appears that the existing and new customers are more widely separated in price of price than that of other variables. The canonical correlation associated with this function is 0.783. The square of this correlation 0.61 indicates that 61% of the variance in the dependent variable is explained by this model.In 1995, RBI had set up a working group under the chairmanship of Shri S. Padmanabhan to review the banking supervision system. The Committee certain recommendations and based on such suggetions a rating system for domestic and foreign b anks based on the international CAMELS model combining financial management and systems and control elements was introduced for the inspection cycle commencing from July 1998. It recommended that the banks should be rated on a five point scale (A to E) based on the lines of international CAMELS rating model. CAMELS evaluates banks on the following six parameters - CAMEL approach will serve as an important. This will help lead to a low-cost high-quality result with secure profit levels.Capital Adequacy Capital Adequacy is a measurement of a bank to determine if solvency can be maintained due to risks that have been incurred as a course of business. Capital allows a financial institution to grow, establish and maintain both public and regulatory confidence, and provide a cushion (reserves) to be able to absorb potential loan losses above and beyond identified problems. A bank must be able to generate capital internally, through earnings retention, as a test of capital strength. An i ncrease in capital as a result of restatements due to accounting standard changes is not an actual increase in capital. asset Quality Asset Quality evaluates risk, controllability, adequacy of loan loss reserves, and acceptable earnings and the affect of off-balance sheet earnings and loss. The quality of a banks assets hinges on their ability to be collected. Asset quality determines the portfolio quality, the portfolio classification system (aging schedule and the methodology to classifying a receivable) and the fixed assets (the productivity of the long-term assets, for instance the branch network).Management quality Management quality envisages the strategic planning applied in each level of flow of funds. It is reflected by the ownership structure of the bank, branch network , loan portfolio management, reference book administration, indemnity development, employee training, audit oversight, quality of governance and quality of information technology systemEarnings Earning s determine the ability of a bank to increase capital (through retained earnings), absorb loan losses, support the future growth of assets, and provide a return to investors. The largest source of income for a bank is net interest revenue (interest income from lending activity less interest paid on deposits and debt). The second most important source is from investing activity. A substantial source of income also comes from foreign exchange and precious metal trading, and commissions/transaction fees and trust operations.Liquidity Liquidity measures the ability of a bank to meet the demand from demand deposits in a particular year. Liquidity is what a bank requires if funding is interrupted and the bank must still be able to meet certain obligations (banks ability to repay depositors and other creditors without incurring excessive costs). The liquidity is affected by the institutions liabilities, including their tenor, interest rate, payment terms, sensitivity to changes in the ma croeconomic environment, types of guarantees required on credit facilities, sources of credit available to the institution and the extent of resource diversification. A banks least expensive means of funding loan growth is through deposit accounts. When this is not available, banks must rely on more expensive funding sources such as borrowing funds at wholesale rates or liquidating investment securities portfolios.

Behaviour Modification Case Studies

Behaviour Modification Case StudiesBEHAVIOR MODIFICATIONSOPHIA A. JOHNSON24 year old Marla suffers from extreme guardianship of affectionate situations, she is employed to an advertising firm where she is expected to interact in multiple companion commensurate conniption as a means of networking. Marla is afraid if she does not fall help she may lose her job.Marla is suffering from a solicitude of fond situations, the operant behavior is her inability function in a social setting such as maintaining shopping mall contact, she holds her head down, eyes lowered and her words atomic number 18 often inaudible. She often displays a slight nervous shaking nigh in a trembling manner and her palms also becomes moist and sweaty making it socially inappropriate to shake hands. A flushed complexion also results from beingness in any social situations. This extreme fear of social situation is overcome by Marla escaping or engaging in an avoidance chemical reaction cognize as the op erant behavior, which is exhibited when the fear producing- foreplay (social settings) is present.In this case study Marlas respondent behavior we see where she is unable to function in any social situation and prior to being employed she was able to avoid seemance to social events or gatherings. When Marla is in a social situation or functions this cognise as the CS (conditioned stimulus) that causes the CR (conditioned responses) which is fear or anxiety. Respondent behavior aids in the development of an anxiety problem by how the fear is able to be developed through conditioning as a result of the response received when the fear is encountered. Such as Marla avoiding going to parties or be functions or public events.Systematic and in-vivo desensitization are from a incline of techniques used to modify the behavior of those suffering from fear or anxiety. Systematic desensitization was developed by Joseph Wolfe and practices relaxation magic spell imagining scenes of the fe ar producing stimulus, (Miltenberger, 2012, p. 480). There are three steps for a successful systematic desensitization technique to be effective, learnt relaxation skills, hierarchy list of fear producing stimulis and use of both relaxation and fear producing stimulis being repeatedly shared with the lymph gland until the fear is extinct. In-vivo desensitization differs in that it moves beyond imagining to actually exposing the client to that which he/she fears, the client must then learn to remain relaxed and use the substituted reaction while engaging in the experience of fear or anxiety.One advantage of systematic desensitization is its ease and convenience for the client, not an immediate interaction with the fear. The blemish is that the client may be able to maintain composer while imaging the fear but is unable to follow through of maintaining the relaxation technique when approach with the real stimuli. (Miltenberger, 2012, p. 485), notes that the most effective of the tw o are usually in-vivo desensitization, the advantage of choosing this method is the encounter is real and allows for the fear to be addressed on the grime and any adjustment to the relaxation technique can be noted or corrected. The disadvantage however, is it is difficult depending on the type of fear and can be time consuming and expensive for both client and therapist.Marlas Behavior Modification ProcedureRelaxation techniques deep breathing, head up and maintain eye contact she will learn to take (rapid, shallow breaths that come from her chest and staticly exhales to decrease her heart rate and calm the nervousness).Create a list of Marlas fears with rating scale for effectively facing fears and utilizing respondent techniques starting with family gatherings (20), school functions (20) office gatherings (20), and work functions (40).Practice the relaxation techniques by doing a mock function at the therapy center, then have Marla host a small party at home for family and frie nds, attend office gatherings and move unto the business functions). apply the in-vivo desensitization behavior modification procedure to help Marla deal with her fear of social situations, this procedure was chosen because it was time sensitive for the client to have her fear under control as if affected her job functioning. The hierarchy was chosen by first using a familiar surroundings and group to deliberate her the support and opportunity to practice the relaxation techniques without fear of incidents, then she would move on to less comfortable situations as she gained confidence she would finally be allowed to attend a business function and face her biggest platform for her fear. It is expected that through each mock stage the alternative response will replace the fear response.Other ABA-based treatment that can be used to decrease fear and anxiety are flooding which is the process of exposing the individual to the feared stimulus at bounteous intensity for a prolonged peri od, there is also modeling which is used with children it allows a child to observe another person approaching the feared stimulus or engaging in the feared activity, which hopefully helps the child to then be more likely to engage in similar behavior (Miltenberger, 2012, p. 486) The different procedures are dependent on the type, level and degree of fear as well as the age of the person being treatment, often times multiple treatment options may have to be used to successfully help the individual overcome their fear.6 year old Jon has a pilus pulling habilitate/ self-stimulatory behavior, he is of normal intelligence and is get laidn to only engage in the behavior while being inactive, this can be while watching television, quiet time in school, or waiting in line with his parents.Target behavior of hair pulling defined as the fingers-to-hair contact with or without a pulling motion and twirling. It also includes taking hand to head and grabbing a hand full of hair in a unbrok en downward motion.(Miltenberger, 2012), defines a behavior excess as an undesirable target behaviorthe person wants to decrease in frequency, duration, or intensity. In the case of Jon, we would like to decrease or eliminate the number of times he engages in hair pulling while inactive.Short-term implications that may affect Jon is that he may have headaches from the continuous pulling of his hair or scalp irritation may occur. He may also engage in pulling the hair of others causing harm. The semipermanent implications are bald spots or trichotillomania. (Functional Analysis and Treatment of Chronic Hair Pulling in a Child with Cri du Chat Syndrome Effects on Co-Occurring catch Sucking, 2008)Since the sensory stimulation from manipulating his hair between his thumb fingers reinforces Jons behavior, a recommended habit reversal inclusive of awareness training, a competing response training, social support, generalization strategies, and motivational strategies (Miltenberger, 2012, p. 516) will be used.Based on the information share we are aware of the times that the hair pulling occur, we now acquire to engage Jon and his caregivers into becoming aware of the moments leading up to the hair pulling. Once awareness training has been established we can engage in a competing response training using the differential reinforcement method of reinforcing Jon non-hair pulling with praise and a token system. Social support of his caregiver using cues such as hands from hair, or no pulling of hair, or giving him a book to color while they wait in line, or hands in lap as he sits during quiet time will help to reinforce the desirable behavior. Use of motivational strategies such as letting him know how neat and nice his hair looks can help to dissuade him from engaging in hair-pulling.If Jon had an intellectual disability and was unable to comprehend why pulling his hair is bad, I would utilize a different habit reversal procedure to increase its effectiveness, I would suggesting keeping his hair short to alleviate his hair pulling action. Since hair pulling is often maintained due to automatic reinforcement using other appropriate methods of removing the stimulation received from the action will aid in reducing behavior.ReferencesFunctional Analysis and Treatment of Chronic Hair Pulling in a Child with Cri du Chat Syndrome Effects on Co-Occurring Thumb Sucking. (2008). Retrieved from Association for Behavior Analysis International http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846574/Miltenberger, R. (2012). Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures. 5th Edition. Wadsworth.

Marc Chagall Essay -- History

Marc ChagallMarc Chagall as an artist and as a person cannot be categorized. He was innate(p) in Vitebsk, Russia, learned to paint in St. Petersburg and lived in capital of France, Berlin, and the United States. His career is influenced by many different factors. His Hasidic Jewish upbringing reflected in the heart of his paintings greatly. The lyrical fairy tales of Jewish mysticism, the stories of the Bible, and the Rabbis and scholars who surrounded him in his childhood come out onto his work. When he went to art school in St. Petersburg it was the period when he became open to the avant-garde movement in art. With Leon Bakst he saw the reproductions of Fauve canvases, the sketches of Van Gogh and of Cezzanne his ambition to go to Paris was born. At the time that he moves to Paris for the first time (1910- 1914) Fauvism and Cubism were the prevailing modern art movements. It can be seen in Chagalls composition the application of these movements principles of arbitrary color an d reorganization of the opthalmic field, but he incorporates these principles with a dream like scape to create his own personal fashion. The consideration Surrealism applies to Chagall, that is the term that was coined when Appolinaire when visiting his studio in 1913 murmured ghostlike. This is not to say that Chagall was part of any Surrealist movement on the contrary he is against any style or movement. It used as a term where the artist has drawn upon consciously or unconsciously from the dream experience. It is clear in his works that he does not want any movement to shackle his expression and mobility. He is wholly against empathetic realism, of the Courbet, Impressionist or Cubist sort, yet he still uses Cubist devices and comes close to Impressionism. Chagall depicts a more dreamlike, study like content filled with symbolism (much of it traditional) in his paintings. He admired Manet, and drew great inspiration from Gauguin in his early years. He creates a style that was more universalistic and one that did not have any idealistic underpinnings. Chagalls painting The Fiddler (1912) is the largest and richest work in the series of figure pictures in which Chagall was bringing to life the typical characters he remembered from his childhood. In this composition the use of arbitrary colour is clearly seen, for example the fiddlers green face, the blue roof crown etc. He does not ... ...his pictures as illogical and non-realist. The images were not of this earth therefore different from things or geometrical figures. Also the way he uses colour is like no one else. In the conversations Chagall makes many references to poetry, but that is not surprising for to him his art is poetry. His concern was never with a movement but with the purpose of bringing to people the love and gaiety of his paintings. Chagall is known to use much more than a canvas as a showcase for his work. He is earthly concern famous for stained glass and mosaics from Jerusalem t o the United Nations. For him a stained glass is a transparent partition between my heart and the heart of the world. In his paintings we see his childhood and homeland and for Marc Chagall his paintings are his memory. Chagall left a lasting impression on the art world. He evoked things in his paintings that were close to him and jell them together in a poetic sense. He offered a dreamlike scene and influenced the Neo- Surrealists . Chagall being part of the first two phases of Surrealism (1911-1914) (1914-1918) laid a key base for artist like Salvador Dali who would also rely heavily on their dreams and their images.

architecture :: essays research papers

1. Introduction.Northlands rapidly increasing growth in population over the last few old age has put huge pressure on the building industry. Many of the building companies and businesses simply canfulnot find enough staff in order to meet the accept from the ever increasing client base the region is seeing. Due to this, the demand for polite places in Northland is very high thus there be a large number of small privately owned companies set up in the area.Richardson Stevens Consultants Ltd. is a privately owned company which is run by tercet directors. They specialise in structural engineering and their main cliental are a number of home building franchises. They employ structural engineers who have studied civil engineering at university and also draftsmen.Working as an engineer for such a company gives the employee a whole understanding of how the company is run and managed, how problems are dealt with and the rewards of finishing major assignments on time and to a professi onal standard.2. Company Structure / Products and serviceRichardson Stevens Consultants Ltd. (RSC) was founded in 1997, originally they had one director and employed trine structural engineers and a draftsman. It now employs nine engineers, three draftsmen, two secretaries and is run by three directors. The company is based in Whangarei and their work comes from throughout the Northland region.2.1 Products and ServicesThe majority of the work that RSC perform is structural engineering, however they also do a small amount of geotechnical engineering. As there is no specialist geotech engineer in the office, they have to hand on a lot of their work to offices such as Tonkin Taylor who do have geotechnical engineers.The company does a lot of domesticated work for home building franchises such as GJ Gardener homes and Golden homes. Typically this would involve a site investigation first to determine the setting conditions and then make calculations based on these conditions as to wha t foundations are required. The housing companies all have plans pre-drawn and they sell these to the client. However the clients always want to qualify something approximately a bit, so before the housing company can go ahead and build, they come to RSC who do structural calculations in order to determine if the change is ok. RSC also do a lot of work with subdivisions. These involve the civil engineers in the office rather than the structural engineers. Before building consent can be granted to a sub-divider, RSC has to design the roading, sewer, storm-water and the surface drainage.

Themes of Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure Revealed in Angelo’s Solilo

Themes of Shakespeares Measure for Measure Revealed in Angelos Soliloquies Angelos soliloquies (2.2.161-186 2.4.1-30) express themes of the tragicomic form, leniency and nature, development of self-knowledge, justice and mercy, and creation and death as aspects of Angelos character.By the theme of the tragicomic form I mean that which qualified extremes and promoted a equilibrate condition of mind It employed a mixed style, mixed action, and mixed characterspassing from side to side, it works amongst contraries, sweetly tempering their composition. (Guarinis Compendio della Poesia Tragicomica (1601) cited in Lever lxi-lxii). I take Measure for Measures tragicomic form as its major theme, or perhaps meta-theme, because it reinforces the value of the via media, of moderation everywhere zealotry. Angelo swings from one extreme to the other before, by the plays conclusion, prompted by the orchestrations of the duke, he adopts a middle way. In Angelos first two soliloquies we overhea r him transition from believing himself immune to earthly love (2.3.185-186) to believing he is ruled by his blood (2.4.15).This transition suggests a theme of development of self-knowledge. In the first soliloquy Angelo refers to himself as a saint (2.2.179) and speaks of physical love in a condemning tone (2.2.173). In the second soliloquy Angelo has change his self-image (2.4.16) to be consistent with his experience, and he describes his experience of love without spending equal time condemning it. He realizes he took sinful pride in his sharpness (2.4.9-10), and now compares that quality with an idle plume in a capan aspect of appearance, not being. Development of self-knowledge does not show up clearly in other characters however... ...ing between them, was virtue. This signified a beneficent use of natural function which merited the gift of grace as a concomitant correspondingly, it implied a going forth of grace which might comprehend the conscientious payment of natures d ebt. Throughout the main action, however, the properties of grace and nature are dissociated and juxtaposed. hard restraint and immoderate use, the distorted attitudes of convent and brothel, of precisian and libertine, are presented as jarring disparates inducing a process of psychic disruption. In the absence of virtue as a moderator, sexual function turns into the abuse of lechery At the spiritual level, excessive zeal is corrupted to pride Most alarming of all, there are the abrupt slips from level to level, landslides of the soul which transform zealot into lecher and saint into sadist. (lxxii-lxxiii)